Interv Cardiol. 2012;4(5):527-536. The venous anatomy of the lower leg is made up of two axial systems, a superficial and a deep venous system. The superficial system lies above the muscle fascia ...

Superficial venous reflux is a disease process that affects the hundreds of little one-way valves that are normally seen in the leg veins. The presence in leg veins of one-way valves is the thing ...

Two main types of veins are present in the legs. Superficial veins are near the surface of the skin, whereas deep veins are located in the muscle tissue. Varicose veins occur in the superficial veins ...

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT ... DVT can also lead to long-lasting problems. It may damage the vein and cause the leg to ache, swell, and change color. Clots can also form in superficial veins. Blood ...

Hypersensitivity to the cold, especially ice cold feet, as well as a feeling of heaviness in the legs, are linked to the ...

As described above, the underlying pathologic process behind the formation of varicose veins lies within both deep and superficial reflux. Conventional teaching suggests that the underlying ...