Results: At the tribal level, haplotype diversity (0.997) and haplogroup diversity (0.91) are high. However, at the clan level, haplotypic diversity decreases, revealing clear founder effects in the ...

In the new paradigm, three important groups of players have been identified: —R1a haplogroup bearers, condition- ally identified as Aryans. They arose around 20,000 years before the present (ybp) in ...

Furthermore, the estimated TMRCA of haplogroup R1a1a-M17 implied cultural and genetic influences from Turkic populations during the Qagatay Khanate period. Overall, our study provided a genetic ...

These cancers have invaded the muscle layer of the bladder wall (T2a and T2b), but they have not grown any farther. Transurethral resection (TURBT) is typically the first treatment for these cancers, ...