A variety of displays performed by social animals in agonistic encounters are termed "appeasement behaviours", although experimental proof of the appeasing effect is rare. In pigeons, nodding occurs ...

Rotational deformities of the long bones affect various avian species. Tibiotarsal rotation may cause the leg to deviate up to 180° from the dorsoplantar axis in a matter of days, thus preventing the ...

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Pigeons, rats and other subjects of conditioning experiments in the behaviourism tradition of ethology have been somewhat neglected in terms of animal welfare. They have typically been housed in small ...